'The Tackifier' Blog by FindTape

Easily draw attention to hazardous areas at work or at home using the new FindTape line of adhesive photoluminescent glow-in-the-dark tape, anti-skid rolls and cleats, floor signs and handrail grip tape. Cost-effective and built-to-last these treads, floor signs, and rolls of glow tape help ensure you keep people and property safe and separate in full light, low-light, or no-light conditions.

This new line-up of safety products is designed for indoor and outdoor do-it-yourself applications; and include items that have grit or non-grit surfaces. In addition, tapes can be salt resistant, chemical and oil resistant, and more. Simply remove the release liner from the pre-cut tread, sign, or tape rolls and place the adhesive side to your floor, wall, handrail, or other surfaces to instantly create lasting protection.

Used in wet and dry conditions, the new FindTape safety products can be applied in warehouses, garages, basements, around light switches, stairways, doorways, low edges…anywhere you need to safeguard hazardous areas.

Available in multiple colors, sizes, glow patterns, and shapes. The glow-in-the-dark tape and treads are rechargeable in natural or artificial light and made with a photoluminescent powder for a long lifespan.

Shop now for our best prices and get fast shipping on these products and more at FindTape.com.

We recently added a new line of roll flagging tape, barricade (barrier) tape, and marking flags to our extensive product line-up. These high-quality, non-adhesive marking and barricade products are produced by Presco, a leading U.S. company, located in Sherman, Texas for over 75 years. Presco is America's premier manufacturer of safety marking products and engineered films offering solutions across a wide range of industries.

Barricade, also called barrier tape, and roll flagging tapes are typically brightly colored non-adhesive tapes used to warn and/or draw attention to a particular area or hazard to avoid. Often these tapes have designated colors for specific hazards which can be solid colored or printed with messages like DANGER, CAUTION, WETLANDS, and more. Roll Flagging and Barricade non-adhesive tapes can be quickly and easily placed to provide warning of physical hazards or dangerous situations for road repairs; buried pipes, wires, cables, police, fire and sheriff warnings, preventing costly injuries, damage, and downtime.

A wide array of industries and organizations use these tapes daily including surveying, trail marking and other industrial applications like construction, forestry, hardware, oil exploration, nursery, mining, and geophysics. In addition, they are used by professionals in law enforcement, emergency management, safety, utilities, and more.

Marking Flags are a standard for homeowners and used extensively in the landscaping, construction, athletic field marking, utility construction, line locating and forestry industries. If you need a long-lasting and colorful above-ground marking flag then Presco's line of marking flags, in over 15 colors, is your solution. Available in either steel wire or plastic staffs, they are ideal for driveway marking for snow removal, pet containment and barrier training, landscape sprinkler marking, property delineation, for sporting events and much more.

Roll Flagging Tapes

Presco Arctic Roll Flagging Tape

• Temperature resistant to -40°F
• 3.0 mil thickness standard colors and 5.0 mil thickness PresGlo neon colors
• Excellent durability and performance at low temperatures
• Easy to use and identify
• 100% made in the US
• 4 bright and long-lasting standard color options including blue, red, white, and yellow
• 7 bright and long-lasting PresGlo neon color options including neon blue, neon green, neon lime, neon orange, neon pink, neon red, and neon yellow

Presco Taffeta Roll Flagging Tape

• Temperature resistant to -10°F
• 2.5 mil thickness standard colors and 4.5 mil thickness PresGlo neon colors with heavy embossing
• Easy to use and identify
• 100% made in the US
• 9 bright and long-lasting standard color options including black, blue, green, orange, pink, purple, red, white, and yellow
• 7 bright and long-lasting PresGlo neon solid color options including neon blue, neon green, neon lime, neon orange, neon pink, neon red, and neon yellow
• All American Public Works Association (APWA) colors available

Presco Biodegradable Roll Flagging Tape

• Environmentally friendly and non-toxic
• Complete degradation in 6-24 months depending on outdoor conditions
• Easy to use and identify
• 100% made in the US
• 6 bright color options including blue, orange, red, white, yellow, and pink neon

Presco Checkerboard, Stripe, and Polka Dot Patterned Roll Flagging Tape

• Temperature resistant to -20°F
• 2.0 mil thickness for standard colors
• 2.5 mil thickness for PresGlo neon colors
• Non-embossed
• Easy to use and identify
• 100% made in the US
• 9 Standard Color Checkerboard Patterns Available - 2.0 mil thickness, and 2 Neon PresGlo Color Checkerboard Patterns Available - 2.5 mil thickness
• 13 Standard Color Stripe Patterns Available - 2.0 mil thickness, and 3 Neon PresGlo Color Stripe Patterns Available - 2.5 mil thickness
• 2 Day/Night Color Stripe Patterns Available (formulated with an exclusive nighttime visibility silver ink)
• 12 Standard Color Polka Dot Patterns Available - 2.0 mil thickness, and 3 Neon PresGlo Color Polka Dot Patterns Available - 2.5 mil thickness

Presco Printed Legend Roll Flagging Tape

• Temperature resistant to -20°F
• Printed messaging to reinforce your non-verbal communication needs
• 2.0 mil thickness for standard colors
• 2.5 mil thickness for PresGlo neon colors
• Non-embossed
• Over 20 printed legend and color combinations available
• 100% made in the US

Barricade Tapes

Presco Printed Barricade Tape

• Highly visible
• Moisture and abrasion resistant
• Economy 2 mil thickness
• Premium 3 mil thickness
• HI-VIZ 3 mil thickness PVC
• Triage 4 mil thickness
• Triage Tape is printed with designated S.T.A.R.T. legends to enhance communication between agencies in 11 colors and legends
• Over 12 stock legends and colors available
• Available in 300 feet and 1000 feet lengths

Presco Crystalline Silica Barricade Tape

• used to help warn of the dangers of crystalline silica - a common mineral that is found in materials that we see every day in roads, buildings, and sidewalks

Presco Biodegradable Printed Barricade Tape

• 6 mil thickness
• Environmentally friendly and non-toxic
• Complete degradation in 6-24 months depending on outdoor conditions
• Easy to use and identify
• 100% made in the US
• Available in red color with DANGER printing or yellow color with CAUTION printing

Presco Reinforced Printed Barricade Tape

• 7 mil thickness
• Reinforced polyethylene film tape
• Available in red tape with black "DANGER PELIGRO" printing and yellow tape with black "CAUTION CUIDADO" printing

Presco Woven Barricade Tape

• Woven, non-adhesive polypropylene film barrier tape
• Tensile Strength: 500 pounds per inch (longitudinal)
• Chemical and weather resistant

Marking Flags

Presco Wire Staff Marking Flags

• Made of high-quality flexible PVC film and high-carbon alloy steel for added tensile strength and bend resistant stability
• Available wire lengths; 15 in. and 21 in.
• Available flag sizes; 2-1/2 in. x 3-1/2 in. and 4 in. x 5 in.
• 17 bright, solid long-lasting colors including 7 PresGlo neon colors

Presco Plastic Staff Marking Flags

• Offer increased safety around machinery and children
• Available in white 24 in. plastic staff with 4 in. x 5 in. flag in neon pink color or neon orange color

Tape and Marking Flag Accessories

Presco Handi Flagger Roll Flagging Tape Dispenser

Presco WIZPRO 1000 Barricade Tape Dispenser

Presco SPF36 Marking Flag Insertion Tool

Polyken 510 Premium Grade gaffers tape is once again available in a wide selection of colors including:

• Burgundy

• Dark Blue

• Teal

• Purple

• Tan

• Grey

• Black

• White

• and featuring NEW color - Royal Blue

The colors listed above are available in 2" and 3" wide options, shrink wrapped and on Polyken branded cores.

Take advantage of our best prices and fast shipping on all color options today at FindTape.com

Have you heard the saying...money can't buy happiness but it can buy craft supplies? Get ready to go shopping because the JVCC ATG-7502 and JVCC ATG-7502X 1/4" refill rolls have a newly designed core system which fits securely into the 3M Scotch 1/4" ATG tape dispensers (pink Scotch Advanced Tape Glider, red Scotch 714 ATG and more) saving you money AND time.

If you own the pink Scotch Advanced Tape Glider and bought refill rolls, in the past you had two options; 1. Purchase an expensive refill roll because it fits into your glider or 2. Purchase a refill roll that was less expensive but did not snap into the dispenser resulting in a loose fit. 

The new core design of the JVCC ATG-7502 and JVCC ATG-7502X 1/4" adhesive transfer tape solves both of these problems. Now this refill roll will snap down correctly into the pink Scotch Advanced Tape Glider. No more loose fitting rolls that might slip or need to be repositioned, saving you time to work on your project.

Additionally, the JVCC ATG-7502 ATG tape offers a 75% cost savings over the 3M Scotch 908 refill tape. Both offer similar properties, are acid neutral, available in like sizes and work in the pink Scotch Advanced Tape Glider or Scotch red 714 dispensers. 

What is Adhesive Transfer Gun (ATG) Tape?

Good question! Reverse wound adhesive transfer gun tape, commonly known as ATG tape, is considered to be an unsupported tape, which is defined as "a tape that is unsupported by a carrier or by backing such as paper, film or cloth." The Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC) offers this graphic to help illustrate the layers that make up an unsupported tape consisting of a release liner and adhesive. The release liners are typically coated on both sides with a type of release agent, making it easy to place the adhesive onto your project. Unlike traditional tape, ATG tape is not supported by a carrier or backing - such as cloth, paper or film. The tape is applied to a special release liner and reverse wound on a plastic core. 

Where Can I Use ATG Tape?

Adhesive transfer gun tape is the preferred product for scrapbooking, picture framing, photo mounting and other graphic arts applications. ATG tape is widely used for the strong, long-lasting bonds created with wood, glass, paper, most plastics, paint and metal foils. In addition, there are product options for acid-free, which is pH or acid neutral assuring that the tape will not yellow or discolor your photo or artwork over time. ATG Tape can be an excellent alternative to double-stick tape. Examples of acid neutral ATG tape include JVCC ATG-7502, Scapa T002 and 3M Scotch 908 ATG Gold Tape.

 ATG Dispensers Are the Answer 

ATG tape rolls are are reverse wound. This means that the release liner is on the tape's underside and the adhesive is on the top (also described as being on the outside). ATG Dispensers are designed to wind the release liner of the ATG tape roll while placing the strip of adhesive onto your project simultaneously. As you press the trigger on the handle during application the tape is dispensed and the release liner is automatically wound up by the take-up spool. Easy to use, no mess and quick clean-up! 

Remember, ordinary tape dispensers will not work with ATG tape since ATG tapes are reverse wound. Even applying by hand will be difficult without an ATG dispenser since the adhesive is wound on the outside of the roll, which is the opposite of a normal roll of tape.

The JVCC ATG-1 dispenser accepts ALL of the ATG tapes we sell at FindTape.com. One stop shopping! FindTape offers ATG tape dispenser options to accommodate various tape sizes, specially designed and include correctly sized mechanisms to snap ATG refill rolls securely in place. 

Leading ATG tape dispensers and ATG tape brands include JVCC, 3M Scotch, and Scapa. 

Adapter Makes Scotch 700 Dispenser Universal

An ATG tape adapter can be used with the yellow 3M Scotch 700 adhesive dispenser. An ATG adapter allows you to use a narrower width refill roll in an ATG dispenser that's been designed for wider width rolls. The secret is in the core design of the ATG tape. This means you can use one dispenser solution with an adapter for all of your ATG tape size needs. Brilliant!

Purchase the 3M Scotch 700A ATG Applicator Adapter to securely fit 1/4" wide adhesive transfer tape into your yellow 3M Scotch ATG 700 dispenser. With the adapter, the dispenser can now use 1/4", 1/2" and 3/4" ATG tapes, giving you an ATG tape system that is versatile, convenient and easy to use.

The Bottom Line

Creating Art with Washi Tape

Washi Tape comes in dozens of colors and styles and can be used to decorate almost anything, including furniture, walls, laptops, pencil holders, and even bicycles. Because it is both versatile and offers a lot of creative potential, it is a favorite among crafters and scrapbookers.

What is Washi Tape?

This decorative tape is a masking tape made from Japanese rice paper that can be torn by hand. It can be used on paper, objects and walls, and because it's easy to reposition, it's ideal for decorating projects.

The tape is manufactured by Japan-based Kamoi Kakoshi, a specialist in Japanese Washi paper tape for industrial use since 1923. For its first several decades, the company focused on producing paper tape for use in the painting of buildings, automobiles, and furniture.

In 2006, three women approached the company with an idea to create Washi masking tape in many colors and patterns. The new tape could be used in a myriad of everyday projects around the home: to decorate rooms or books, to make gifts, and in creative projects of almost any kind.

Kamoi Kakoshi released the new product in 2008, to great success. It has been sold in more than 20 countries, won awards, and even inspired a museum in an old factory at the manufacturer's headquarters in Okayama. In a few short years, it has become one of the hottest trends among crafters.

The tape is popular not only because it is available in a variety of colors and patterns. It has a number of other attractive attributes. It's strong, but extremely thin, and it's easy to reposition. Washi tape is also semi-transparent, so it can be layered for a greater creative effect. And because it's easy to write on, it's great for making notes or sharing messages.

How Washi Tape is Used

Crafters use Washi Tape to make picture frames, clocks, bracelets, and jewelry boxes. During the holidays, they use it to make cards and ornaments. Scrapbookers use it to embellish pages, create intricate designs, and decorate planners and book covers.

Washi Tape Projects

There is no shortage of ideas for projects and crafts on the Web. A Google search for "Washi Tape crafts" returns more than a million results, and Pinterest is a treasure trove of Washi Tape projects for kids, home, and scrapbooking.

There are hundreds of ideas on craft and scrapbooking blogs as well. Over at Omiyage Blogs, blogger Marisa Edghill has written a book called Washi Style, and on its pages are 101+ ideas for Washi Tape projects.

If you're just getting started – or even if you're looking for a little bit of inspiration, here's a short wrap-up of some ideas we've gathered from around the Web.

Using Washi Tape in Craft Projects

Blogger Tanner Bell has collected 14 DIY projects using Washi Tape at A Little Craft in Your Day. Some of these ideas include decorating your laptop keyboard and your power cords, and creating coasters and shadow box art.

At DIY Lifestyle magazine, colorful Washi Tape birds is a fun spring project.

Washi Tape Ways to Decorate Your Home

Wall art is featured in a post on Washi Tape Crafts (this blog is a great resource for craft, holiday, and home décor ideas for Washi Tape). Amy Anderson, who also blogs at Mod Podge Rocks, highlights 15 unique ideas culled from crafters around the Web, including picture frames, shadow boxes, and wall decals.

The wall decals are inspiration from the Everything Emily blog. Emily had wanted to decorate the walls of her son's bedroom, but didn't want anything expensive or permanent because she knew she'd be moving soon. One of the benefits of Washi Tape is that it can be easily removed. As Emily said in an update to her post: "We currently just moved from the home where these lovely diy decals were and the removal process was EXTREMELY easy! The decals peeled right off without damaging the walls! I will say they left a little dark coloring around the area where they were but I cleaned it off with a damp cloth and it came right off!"

Jenni Radosevich at ISpyDIY offers some more wall art inspiration from around the Web, including a city skyline headboard, and designs for – yes – stairs. Radosevich calls Washi Tape "one of the greatest craft inventions ever," adding: "Honestly, the patterns, the colors, the ability to put this paper tape on anything makes it so fun to use."

Scrapbooking

Washi Tape is ideal for scrapbooking because there are an infinite number of combinations that can be created from the many colors and styles available. Posting on the Get It Scrapped blog, Michelle Houghton demonstrates how Washi Tape can be layered to create unique scrapbook designs. The tutorial covers Washi Tape weaving and is a good example of the art that can be created with this material.

For more ideas, visit our Pinterest boards for Washi Tape Projects, Scrapbooking, Creative Cards, and Event Planning.

You can find and buy Kamoi Kakoshi's mt Washi Tape at FindTape.com. We offer 30 different solid colors and over 35 patterns. Roll sizes are 0.6 inches X 33 feet and price breaks are offered in quantities as low as 8 rolls at a time. You can even build up a set of mixed colors or patterns to still take advantage of the 8 roll price break.

It happens all the time: A customer orders a product. Your fulfillment team pulls and packages the item. Then they ship it to the customer, who receives the package, opens it and discovers that the item is defective or it's the wrong one.

Returns are a part of doing business, and with the holiday shopping season just around the corner the shipping season is about to ramp up into high gear. According to the Internet Retailer website, the top 500 online merchants report an annual return rate of 3 percent. When you consider that online sales raked in $289 billion for retailers in 2012, that's a lot of merchandise being shipped back and forth.

Your goal should be threefold:

1. Minimize the public relations hit you take for shipping the wrong or defective product.
2. Get your item back in one piece.
3. Make the return-shipping process as easy as possible on the customer and your team.

And it all comes down to adhesive tape. Yes, adhesive tape for returns is the gift that keeps on giving.

Including adhesive tape for returns with the replacement item you send to your customer sends a message to your customer that you acknowledge the mistake and want to make the return process as easy for them as possible. It also makes it much more likely that your customer will ship the original item back in a timely manner; and that you'll get it back in one piece.

See? Everybody wins when you include adhesive tape for returns with your replacement items; especially when you send your customers JVCC RT150 Return Tape.

First, JVCC RT150 Return Tape is pre-cut, meaning that all your fulfillment team needs to do is drop a few pieces of the tape in with every replacement item being shipped out. Second, it's been proven to be effective in securing boxes; including in industries such as pharmaceuticals and printer ink. Third, it's easy to use. Decker RT 150 has been designed with a center split paper release liner, making it incredibly easy to use. All three are not only a nice thing to do for your customers, but they are also make for really good public relations.

The holiday shopping season is right around the corner. Give your customers, and yourself and your company, the gift of JVCC RT150 Return Tape this year. You (and the roughly 3 percent of your customers who are likely to return products this year) will be glad you did.

60 years ago, when ground breaking Velcro fabric was invented, how things were fastened was revolutionized. Over the last six decades, Velcro fabric has been used in an endless amount of applications. Since the time it was introduced, this product has continued to improve through advances in engineering and technology. However, 3M has revolutionized fastening again with their Dual Lock line of re-closable tape fasteners.

Dual Lock tape has four times the gripping power of Velcro fabric and its self-adhesive backing strips will stubbornly not release even under intense temperature applications. The adhesive strips are also designed to bond well with slightly textured or irregular surfaces. These are major improvements over Velcro fabric, which is comparatively weaker and does not remain stuck to objects as firmly as 3M Dual Lock tape. The adhesive backing on Velcro is notorious for loosing its bond to surfaces when temperatures rise. 3M Dual Lock tape will remain bonded in these situations where Velcro fabric cannot.

Unlike Velcro fabric, 3M Dual Lock tape does not use loops and hooks for fastening. Instead, this product uses small plastic "mushroom-like" plastic stems to provide secure fastening. This allows for the handy feature of 3M Dual Lock tape being able to universally mate with most any other piece of Dual Lock tape. This works because where Velcro fabric required mating two different types of fabric strips, there is only one type of Dual Lock tape strip. Also, when pieces of 3M Dual Lock tape are joined properly, an audible snap is heard that gives you assurance the pieces are properly fastened. All of these additional features not found in Velcro put 3M Dual Lock well ahead in durability and reliability. 3M Dual Lock tape is also solvent and flame resistant.

Standard 3M Dual Lock tape comes in three types, 170, 250 and 400. The number refers to the amount of fastening stems in a square inch. Thus, the higher the number, the more thorough the fastening. Some of the different types can be inter-mated. For example, type 170 can mate with types 250 and 400. Additionally, type 250 can mate with type 400. However, types 175 and 400 should not be mated with itself. But it is fine to mate type 250 to type 250, which is the most commonly used type and is sufficient for most applications. 3M Dual Lock tape is also available in a wide variety of widths.

In addition to standard Dual Lock, 3M also offers a low profile Dual Lock that has a massive 700 stems per square inch. The stems in low profile Dual Lock are comparatively shorter than standard 3M Dual Lock tape, thus the jointing between strips is thinner. When mated, standard Dual Lock is about 1/4 inch in thickness, whereas low profile is approximately 1/10 inch. Since the fastening stems in low profile Dual Lock are shorter, the fastening strength is reduced when compared to standard Dual Lock tape. Low Profile Dual Lock can only be mated with itself.

If you need to mount heavy (or light) objects with an adhesive backed tape, 3M Dual Lock tape is the best product to use. It is highly functional, versatile, durable, comes in several variations. It can also be used in countless applications, such as attaching toll tag monitors, seat cushions in boats, computer accessories and removable medical equipment. Dual Lock can be used to reduce vibration and dampen sound, as well. Uses for Low Profile Dual Lock include attaching carpet and tiles, seat cushions, trade show exhibition graphics, point of purchase displays and small electronic devices, such as garage door openers.

3M Dual Lock is sold at FindTape.com in several of the varieties mentioned above.

Because of the popularity of the 2-inch wide gaffers tape test pack our converter has recently made available a new test pack that contains a variety of 3-inch wide nominal (actual cut 72mm) black duct tapes. FindTape DUCT-TEST-PACK Duct Tape Test Pack consists of 8 rolls of 3-inch (72mm) wide x 10-yard long tape. The tapes range in thickness from 9 to 13 mils; longitudinal tensile strength from 22 to 50 pounds per inch; and peel adhesion from 39 to 80 ounces per inch. The lower adhesion tapes are sometimes used as a less expensive alternative to gaffers tape in the hotel and meeting industries.

Currently the specific duct tapes offered in the pack include: Shurtape PC-600 General Purpose Grade Duct Tape, Polyken 223 Multi-Purpose Duct Tape, Polyken GP2280 PolyNash General-Purpose Duct Tape, Shurtape PC-618 Industrial Grade Duct Tape, JVCC DT-CG Contractor Grade Duct Tape, Shurtape PC-622 Contractor Grade Duct Tape, Nashua 357 Premium Grade Duct Tape and Polyken 231 Military Grade Duct Tape.

Also please note the GAFF-TEST-PACK was recently increased to 10 rolls of 2-inch wide x 10 yard long tape and the current lineup includes: Scapa 125 Economy Grade Gaffers Tape, Polyken 510 Premium Grade Gaffers Tape, Scapa 225 Premium Grade Gaffers Tape, Shurtape PC-628 Industrial Grade Gaffers Tape, Pocono GT-226 Clear Adhesive Gaffers Tape, Pro Tapes Pro-Gaff Gaffers Tape, Shurtape P-665 General Purpose Gaffers Tape, Scapa 425 Pro-Grade Gaffers Tape, Shurtape P-672 Professional Grade Gaffers Tape and JVCC J90 Low Gloss Gaffer-Style Duct Tape.

JVCC SLPT20 Designer Packaging Tape offers custom designs or patterns printed on standard polypropylene film carton sealing tape. This tape is great for projects such as crafting, hooping, fashion and others; but is also exceptional at basic box and carton sealing or for just grabbing attention. Patterns include boat flags, chain, color bars, dashed-line road, purple circles and scissor cut.

Duck Brand Printed Duck Duct Tape Patterns is patterned duct tape with high performance strength and moderate adhesion characteristics. Excellent for repairs, color-coding, fashion, crafting and imaginative projects. Patterns include ACU digital camouflage, black and white checker, blue tie-dye, dragon, hot rod flames, hardwood camouflage, leopard, orange tie-dye, paint splatter, pink zebra, skulls and zig-zag zebra.

Duck Brand Printed EZ Start Packaging Tape is a 2.6 mil thick high performance packaging tape loaded into a disposable dispenser. The tape offers a wide temperature range; doesn't split or tear; and offers ultraviolet resistance to eliminate yellowing and to increase shelf life. Patterns include black olives, peace sign, pink zebra and tie-dye.

Platypus Designer Duct Tape comes in 14 patterns which include Argyle, Candy Cane, Denim, Diamond Plate, Grass, Houndstooth, Jolly Roger, Leopard, Paisley, Polka Dot, Snowflake, Wicker, Wood Grain and Wool Stocking. It's the perfect tape to use for your next duct tape project. The polyethylene coated cloth is 10.5 mils thick and offers 32 ounces per inch of peel adhesion.

Ludlow M-Tak HI/LO Extended Liner Tape is now being stocked in liner widths of 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch and 1 inch wide (the tape comes in lengths of both 216 feet and 1,300 feet per roll). The extended liner on the tape allows end users to easily remove it since there is a 1/8 inch overhang on both the top and bottom of the tape (the liner is also printed with the words "TO EXPOSE ADHESIVE REMOVE LINER"). Ludlow HI/LO is differentially coated which a clear, lightweight adhesive for temporary bonding and repositioning on one side, and a permanent adhesive for long-term bonding on the other side. Its perfect for lightweight attachments where removability from one surface is key, e.g. business forms, mailers, envelopes, posters, labels, etc.